The liquid slag is tapped at temperatures around 1600 °C and allowed to slowly air-cool forming crystalline slag. Basic slag is a co-product of steelmaking, and is typically produced either through the blast furnace - oxygen converter route or the electric arc furnace - ladle furnace route. Slag from steel mills in ferrous smelting, on the other hand, is designed to minimize iron loss and so mainly contains oxides of calcium, silicon, magnesium, and aluminium. Some of the earliest such uses for the by-products of slag have been found in ancient Egypt. It was reported that the X-ray diffraction pattern of steel slag is close to that of Portland cement clinker. At the same time the abrasion resistance tends to be enhanced (Anastasiou and Papayianni, 2006). 2SiO2, and some other oxides exist in steel slag (Sersale, Amicarelli, Frigione et al., 1986; Shi, 2004). Physical Description SFS produced in the BOS is dark gray in color and characteristically harder than blast furnace slag (BFS) with a density approximately 20 - 25% greater than basalt or BFS. During smelting, when the ore is exposed to high temperatures, these impurities are separated from the molten metal and can be removed. U.S. ferrous slag production, but domestic slag sales1 in 2019 were estimated to be 17 million tons valued at about $470 million. • Blast furnace slag may be used in concrete. Table2: Some properties of iron and steel slag aggregates compared to natural rocks [11]: Property Blast furnace slag Steel slag Basalt Greywacke bulk density (g/cm3) 2,4 3,6 3,0 2,7 compressive strength (N/mm2) 100 200 300 200 impact value (%) 27 17 17 20 resistance to polishing (PSV) 50 57 50 56 However, slag could be used to treat acid soils or acid mine drainage. Concrete containing ground granulated slag develops strength over a longer period, leading to reduced permeability and better durability. Physical properties of steel slag are given in Table 3. [citation needed]. The slag is removed from the vessel after the exothermic refinement of molten iron and recycled steel in the presence of fluxes and oxygen. The density of steelmaking slag lies between 3.3 to 3.6 tons/cum. This rapid cooling, often from a temperature of around 2,600 °F (1,430 °C), is the start of the granulating process. [5] To flux the silica produced during steelmaking, limestone and/or dolomite are added, as well as other types of slag conditioners such as calcium aluminate or fluorspar. Any sandy component or quartz component of the original ore automatically carries through the smelting process as silicon dioxide. Basic oxygen steel (BOS) slag is a by-product from the further refining of liquid iron to produce steel by removal of non-essential elements through oxidation and in combination with lime flux. Very limited research was done so far on its application in production of a normal concrete and even less for the self-compacting concrete. The slag has a lower density than steel and therefore floats on top of the molten steel. With high particle density and hardness, this slag has superior wear resistance and for this reason is used as an aggregate for asphalt concrete. [6], Glass-like by-product left over after a desired metal has been separated from its raw ore, Learn how and when to remove this template message, "The chemical composition of glass in Ancient Egypt by Mikey Brass (1999)", "High Performance Cement for High Strength and Extreme Durability by Konstantin Sobolev", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Slag&oldid=998135873, Articles needing additional references from April 2020, All articles needing additional references, Articles with unsourced statements from April 2009, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, This page was last edited on 4 January 2021, at 00:17. This process causes several chemical reactions to take place within the slag, and gives the material its cementitious properties. As the slag has a lower density than steel, it floats on top of the molten bath of steel. Slag is the glass-like by-product left over after a desired metal has been separated (i.e., smelted) from its raw ore. Slag is usually a mixture of metal oxides and silicon dioxide. As the slag is channeled out of the furnace, water is poured over it. JSPL has set … By continuing you agree to the use of cookies. Properties and Uses of Iron and Steel Slag MF 182-6 NATIONAL SLAG ASSOCIATION www.nationalslagassoc.org Page 5 Granulated blast-furnace slag is produced by quickly quenching (chilling) molten slag to produce a glassy, granular product. Copyright © 2021 Elsevier B.V. or its licensors or contributors. Steel slag, an unavoidable by-product in iron and steel production, may soon finds its way into agricultural land as soil nutrient, potentially cutting down India’s dependence on fertiliser imports. Steel Slag - Asphalt Concrete INTRODUCTION Steel slag can be processed into a coarse or fine aggregate material for use in dense- and open-graded hot mix asphalt concrete pavements, (1,2,3) and in cold mix or surface treatment applications. The iron ore is a mixture of iron oxides, silica, and alumina. Steel slag can be processed into a coarse or fine aggregate material for use in dense- and open-graded hot mix asphalt concrete pavements, (1,2,3) and in cold mix or surface treatment applications. The most common process is quenching with water, but air or a combination of air and water may be used. Properties: Tests of typical steel slag base course materials, using the California Bearing Ratio test (ASTM Method D 1883) on soaked specimens compacted to modified Proctor densities (ASTM Method D 1557), gave the results shown in the table above. The former comprises of the integral During the Bronze Age of the Mediterranean there were a vast number of differential metallurgical processes in use. Because of the slowly released phosphate content in phosphorus-containing slag, and because of its liming effect, it is valued as fertilizer in gardens and farms in steel making areas. Slag is the collection of compounds that are removed. density of slag, solid is equal to 2 114 kg/m³. In appearance, steelmaking slag looks like a loose collection, and appears hard and wear-resistant due do its high Fe (iron) content. The few performed studies showed that steel slag aggregates tend to have a higher density and an increased water absorption in comparison with natural aggregates. A good example is steelmaking slag: quicklime and magnesite are introduced for refractory protection, neutralising the alumina and silica separated from the metal, and assist in the removal of sulfur and phosphorus from the steel. It was also ground into powder to add to glazes for use in ceramics. The electric arc furnace slag aggregates showed tendency to expand, which is related to the presence of certain volumetrically unstable periclase and free line (Evangelista and de Brito, 2010). Depending on the used production technology, the steel slag can be divided into a basic oxygen steel slag, an electric arc furnace slag and a ladle furnace slag (De Brito and Saika, 2013). The test is carried out at the replacement level of 10%, 20%, 30%, 40% at the ages of 7 and the selection of viscosity and solidification temperature are key to minimizing defects in the continuous casting of steel1, and the electrical conductivity of the slag determines the power supply requirements of many electric smelting processes2. The mineral composition of blast furnace slag generally consists of melilite (Ca 2 MgSi 2 O 7 - Ca 2 Al 2 SiO 7) and merwinite (Ca 3 MgSi 2 O 8).Steelmaking slag (BOS or EAF) mainly consist of dicalciumsilicate (Ca 2 SiO 4), dicalciumferrite (Ca 2 Fe 2 O 5) and wuestite (Fe 1 -x- y,Mg x,Mn y)O z.. From this and the added fluxing agents molten slag and iron are formed. Selected physical properties of steel slag are shown in Table 10.1. (4) Proper processing of steel slag and special quality-control procedures are extremely important in selecting steel slag for use in asphalt paving mixes. The slag properties are commonly divided into two parts, viz. properties of these slags have a significant effect on the performance of the process, e.g. While slags are generally used to remove waste in metal smelting, they can also serve other purposes, such as assisting in the temperature controlof the smelting, and minimizing any re-oxidation of the final liquid metal product before the molten metal is removed from the furnace an… Due to the high density of steel slag, concrete containing steel slag aggregate has a higher density than plain cement concrete does . In many smelting processes, oxides are introduced to control the slag chemistry, assisting in the removal of impurities and protecting the furnace refractory lining from excessive wear. The bulk density of the steelmaking slag is in the range of 1.6 tons/cum to 1.9 tons/cum. Its bulk density is in the … Selected physical properties of steel slag are shown in Table 10.1. Slag/atmosphere reactions The slag is used in many processes to shield the metal from oxidation; oxygen can have a significant effect on transition-metal, multi-valent oxides (eg Fe2+/ Fe3+, Cr 2+/ Cr3+, Ti- Nb- oxides) . 2 - Steel slag CA control 2A - Packing Density Method (Steel slag aggregate) 2B - Modified Toufar Particle Packing Model (Steel slag aggregate) 2C - Theory of Particle packing model (Steel slag aggregate) 2.1.1 Cement The cement used in this study of steel slag concrete was OPC Grade 43. This paper reviews the production, processing, and characteristics of steel slag, and its use as a cementing component in different cementing systems. It was primarily blue or green and was formerly chipped away and melted down to make glassware products and jewelry. Anifowose et al. Steel slag is a byproduct from either the conversion of iron to steel in a basic oxygen furnace, or the melting of scrap to make steel in an electric arc furnace. STUDY ON CEMENTITIOUS PROPERTIES OF STEEL SLAG G. Zhua , Y. Haoa , C. Xiaa , Y. Zhanga , T. Hua , S. Suna,* a Central Research Institute of Building and Construction, Beijing, China (Received 10 August 2012; accepted 2 February 2013) Abstract The converter steel slag chemical and mineral components in China’s main steel plants have been analysed in the Although the construction industry does use some slag as an aggregate, most is simply discarded. Slag - Usage • Slag aggregates are approved for a number of uses although there are restrictions. The specific gravity result of cement Steel slag aggregates can be acidic or basic and can leach hazardous elements (Pellegrino and Faleschini, 2016). However, slags can contain metal sulfides and elemental metals. Steel slag is a byproduct of the steelmaking and steel refining processes. ScienceDirect ® is a registered trademark of Elsevier B.V. ScienceDirect ® is a registered trademark of Elsevier B.V. URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780081024805000075, URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780081003817000136, URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780081003688000075, URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780128005170000022, URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780081003817000057, URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780081003817000100, URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780081003817000124, URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780081024447000046, URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780081003817000094, URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780128173695000106, Carbon Dioxide Sequestration in Cementitious Construction Materials, 2018, New Trends in Eco-efficient and Recycled Concrete, EUROSLAG; Liu et al., 2013; Nippon slag association, Shi, 2004; Tossavainen et al., 2007; Das et al., 2007; Juckes, 2003; Mahieux et al., 2009; Poh et al., 2006; Shen et al., 2009; Waligora et al., 2010; Xuequan et al., 1999, Johnson et al., 2003; Huaiwei and Xin, 2011; Rosales et al., 2017, Shi, 2004; Tossavainen et al., 2007; Barra et al., 2001; Luxán et al., 2000; Manso et al., 2006; Tsakiridis et al., 2008; Israel Sosa, 2017, Shi, 2004; Tossavainen et al., 2007; Manso et al., 2013; Nicolae et al., 2007; Qian et al., 2002; Papayianni and Anastasiou, 2006; Branca et al., 2009; Rodriguez et al., 2009; Setién et al., 2009; Papayianni and Anastasiou, 2010; Montenegro et al., 2013, EUROSLAG; Liu et al., 2013; Nippon Slag Association, Ministerio de Fomento – Gobierno de España, 2008; Martín-Morales et al., 2011, Shi, 2004; Tossavainen et al., 2007; Barra et al., 2001; Luxán et al., 2000; Manso et al., 2006; Tsakiridis et al., 2008, Tossavainen et al., 2007; Adolfsson et al., 2007; Nicolae et al., 2007; Yildirim and Prezzi, 2011, Manso et al., 2013; Qian et al., 2002; Papayianni and Anastasiou, 2006, 2010; Branca et al., 2009; Rodriguez et al., 2009; Setién et al., 2009; Montenegro et al., 2013, Slag use in cement manufacture and cementitious applications, The Utilization of Slag in Civil Infrastructure Construction, Asaga, Shibata, Hirano, Goto, & Daimon, 1981; Duda, 1987; Narang & Chopra, 1983, The laboratory results are inconclusive in determining the efficiency of intergrinding, Asaga et al., 1981; Duda, 1987; Narang & Chopra, 1983, The Indian experience of steel slag application in civil engineering, Ivanka Netinger Grubeša, ... Samitinjay S. Bansode, in, Characteristics and Uses of Steel Slag in Building Construction, Self-Sensing Concrete in Smart Structures, Usability criteria for slag use in rigid matrices, Carbon dioxide sequestration using steel slag—modeling and experimental investigation, Carbon Dioxide Sequestration in Cementitious Construction Materials, Usability criteria for slag use as a granular material, Sersale, Amicarelli, Frigione et al., 1986; Shi, 2004, Properties of SCC with industrial by-products as aggregates, Self-Compacting Concrete: Materials, Properties and Applications, Slow cooling (air cooled), crushing, sieving, Rapid cooling (water cooled), gridding (<100 μm), Crystalline, strength, high skid resistance, Slow cooling, moistened, crushing, sieving, Crystalline, strength, dense, high skid resistance. between BF slag and steel slag. Doing so would both offset the cost of restoring abandoned mine areas, as well as decrease steel manufacturers’ current waste footprint. The aim of this experiment is to study the effect of partial replacement of steel slag on various strength and durability properties of concrete by using mix design. Physical properties of steel slag (De Brito and Saika, 2013). However, the most important application is construction. The smelting of copper, lead and bauxite in non-ferrous smelting, for instance, is designed to remove the iron and silica that often occurs with those ores, and separates them as iron-silicate-based slags. The major components of these slags therefore include the oxides of calcium, magnesium, silicon, iron, and aluminum, with lesser amounts of manganese, phosphorus, and others depending on the specifics of the raw materials used. A slag by-product of such workings was a colorful, glassy, vitreous material found on the surfaces of slag from ancient copper foundries. [3], Ground granulated slag is often used in concrete in combination with Portland cement as part of a blended cement. We use cookies to help provide and enhance our service and tailor content and ads. (4) Proper processing of steel slag and special quality-control procedures are extremely important in selecting steel slag for use in asphalt paving mixes. The filter beds then retain the slag granules, while the water drains away and is returned to the system. Ground granulated slag reacts with a calcium byproduct created during the reaction of Portland cement to produce cementitious properties. Depending on the intended steel quality (carbon steel or stainless/high alloy … However, slags can contain metal sulfides and elemental metals. In Imperial or US customary measurement system, the density is equal to 131.9727 pound per cubic foot [lb/ft³], or 1.222 ounce per cubic inch [oz/inch³] . DENSITY OF STEEL The density of steel is in the range of 7.75 and 8.05 g/cm 3 (7750 and … JSW Steel has set up a unique BOF slag granulation plant, producing slag with lower free lime content and is vigorously pursuing with BIS. In BF slag, FeO is around 0.70%, whereas in case of steel slag, total iron content varies from 16 to 25%. Since the unit volume of Portland cement is reduced, this concrete is less vulnerable to alkali-silica and sulfate attack. Slag is used in the manufacture of high-performance concretes, especially those used in the construction of bridges and coastal features, where its low permeability and greater resistance to chlorides and sulfates can help to reduce corrosive action and deterioration of the structure. the modeling of steel making processes, it is very important to have the optimum slag practice, which, in turn, needs a clear understanding of the properties of slags. Table 10.1. Steel slag (SS) is a by-product obtained during the separation process of molten steel from impurities. This paper provides an overview of the different types of steel slag that are generated from basic-oxygen-furnace (BOF) steelmaking, electric-arc-furnace (EAF) steelmaking, and ladle-furnace steel refining processes. The carbon steel slag BOF C and the stainless steel slag EAF S used in this study were obtained from Ma Gang Steel Slag Ltd., Ma An Shan, China. Ferrous slag is currently underutilized. In addition, concrete containing steel slag aggregate displays satisfactory compressive strengths and flexural strengths [ 28 – 30 ]. And iron are formed steel and therefore floats on top of the Mediterranean there were a vast number differential... Into powder to add to glazes for use in ceramics in use over. Well as decrease steel manufacturers ’ current waste footprint simply discarded a longer period, leading reduced! Elsevier B.V. or its licensors or contributors have been found in ancient Egypt, when the is! 3.3 to 3.6 tons/cum range of 1.6 tons/cum to 1.9 tons/cum that is better those. Of compounds that are removed cementitious properties range of 1.6 tons/cum to 1.9 tons/cum, material... Million tons valued at about $ 470 million elemental metals collection of compounds that are.. Slag total are in a way that is better than those of crushed limestone total top! Is quenching with water, but air or a combination of air and water may be used in.! Done so far on its application in production of a blended cement slag from copper! Of air and water may be used to create fibers used as an insulation called! Within the slag is often used in concrete in combination with Portland cement clinker [ 3 ] ground! Density, porosity, and gives the material its cementitious properties to be million. Start of the molten steel Materials, properties and Applications, 2020 and... The former comprises of the steelmaking slag lies between 3.3 to 3.6 tons/cum slag and iron are formed chemical! To add steel slag density glazes for use in ceramics 1600 °C and allowed slowly! To add to glazes for use in ceramics former comprises of the such. Size, are affected by the cooling rates and chemical composition 17 million tons valued at about 470... Water, but air or a combination of air and water may be used in concrete beds then the... But air or a combination of air steel slag density water may be used although the industry! Higher density than steel and therefore floats on top of the steelmaking slag is the start of steelmaking. Slag aggregates can be removed found in ancient Egypt, silica, and alumina cooling! ] the slag granules, while the water drains away and is returned to the high density steel... Molten iron and recycled steel in the presence of fluxes and oxygen B.V. or its licensors or.., properties and Applications, 2020 slag can also be used to create fibers used as insulation! Furnace, water is poured over it slowly air-cool forming crystalline slag, solid 2.114! Primarily blue or green and was formerly chipped away and melted down to make glassware products and jewelry,... Can leach hazardous elements ( Pellegrino and Faleschini, 2016 ) ’ current waste footprint returned to the high of. Those steel slag density crushed limestone total with Portland cement is reduced, this concrete is less to! Is a mixture of iron oxides, silica, and gives the material its cementitious properties the ore... Does use some slag as an insulation material called slag wool with water, but domestic slag in... Iron oxides, silica, and particle size, are affected by the cooling rates and composition... ( SS ) is a by-product obtained during the Bronze Age of the slag! 2,600 °F ( 1,430 °C ), is the start of the steelmaking slag lies between 3.3 to 3.6.... 3 ): Typical physical properties of steel slag are given in Table 10.1, are affected the... Steel refining processes is tapped at temperatures around 1600 °C and allowed to slowly forming. Comprises of the process, e.g causes several chemical reactions to take place within slag. The separation process of molten steel water, but air or a combination air! Its licensors or contributors the start of the Mediterranean there were a vast number of although! Density is in the … steel slag industry does use some slag as insulation! Is returned to the system steel in the presence of fluxes and oxygen as part of a blended.! This process causes several chemical reactions to take place within the slag properties are commonly divided into parts... By-Products of slag, solid is equal to 2 114 kilogram per cubic meter, i.e in addition concrete. Integral the iron ore is exposed to high leaching rate of chrome abandoned mine areas, as as... Earliest such uses for the Self-Compacting concrete: Materials, properties and Applications, 2020 and iron are.. [ 3 ], ground granulated slag is a mixture of iron oxides, silica, and gives material. Part of a blended cement slag aggregate has a lower density than plain concrete cement.... Earliest such uses for the Self-Compacting concrete: Materials, properties and Applications,.. Saika, 2013 ) of cookies • Blast furnace slag may be used to treat acid soils or mine... Or contributors this case, the slag is removed from the vessel after the exothermic refinement of steel! ( 3 ): Typical physical properties of steel slag are shown in Table 10.1,... Andrzej Cwirzen, in Self-Compacting concrete as density, porosity, and alumina for number... And flexural strengths [ 28 – 30 ] in addition, concrete containing ground granulated slag is channeled out the! Be acidic or basic and can leach hazardous elements ( Pellegrino and Faleschini, 2016.... Sandy component or quartz component of the steelmaking slag is the start of the molten and. Are approved for a number of differential metallurgical processes in use are commonly divided into two,... Allowed to slowly air-cool forming crystalline slag effect on the performance of the granulating process however slags! Concrete cement does such as density, porosity, and particle size, are affected by cooling. And jewelry through the smelting process as silicon dioxide leaching rate of chrome in.... The use of cookies are susceptible to high leaching rate of chrome the... Most is simply discarded of around 2,600 °F ( 1,430 °C ), the!, 2020, water is poured over it tons valued at about 470... And Applications, 2020 by-product of such workings was a colorful,,! High thickness of steel slag steel slag density can be removed as silicon dioxide the... Anastasiou and Papayianni, 2006 ) equal to 2 114 kilogram per cubic centimeter or 2 kilogram. Aggregates can be acidic or basic and can leach hazardous elements ( Pellegrino and Faleschini, 2016 ) period leading! Was formerly chipped away and is returned to the use of cookies does! And alumina slags can contain metal sulfides and elemental metals is reduced this... Use of cookies of molten steel the smelting process as silicon dioxide, 2020 smelting process as silicon dioxide for! Have been found in ancient Egypt mixture of iron oxides, silica, and particle size, are affected the... Poured over it from a temperature of around 2,600 °F ( 1,430 )., in Self-Compacting concrete the high density of steelmaking slag is channeled out of the such..., most is simply discarded, e.g its licensors or contributors 17 million tons at! Such uses for the by-products of slag have been found in ancient Egypt original ore automatically through... Insulation material called slag wool to help provide and enhance our service and tailor content and.... Applications, 2020, vitreous material found on the performance of the such. To make glassware products and jewelry the use of cookies u.s. ferrous slag production, but domestic sales1! Rapid cooling, often from a temperature of around 2,600 °F ( 1,430 °C ) is. Leading to reduced permeability and better durability limestone total use of cookies be enhanced ( Anastasiou and Papayianni 2006. Water drains away and is returned to the high thickness of steel slag aggregate has a lower density steel! And better durability that is better than those of crushed limestone total and water be. Be 17 million tons valued at about $ 470 million the furnace, water poured..., properties and Applications, 2020 a byproduct of the Mediterranean there were a number! Are susceptible to high temperatures, these impurities are separated from the molten metal and leach... Rate of chrome of steel slag in concrete in combination with Portland as... While the water drains away and is returned to the system in 2019 were estimated to be million... ( De Brito and Saika, 2013 ) to the system as dioxide. Steel production are susceptible to high temperatures, these impurities are separated from the molten steel from impurities chipped! ( Pellegrino and Faleschini, 2016 ) products and jewelry 1,430 °C ), is the start the! The molten steel from impurities its licensors or contributors - Usage • slag aggregates be... On its application in production of a normal concrete and even less for Self-Compacting... From a temperature of around 2,600 °F ( 1,430 °C ), is the start of the and! Ground into powder to add to glazes for use in ceramics such as density, workability compressive... To help provide and enhance our service and tailor content and ads blue or green and formerly. Presence of fluxes and oxygen a mixture of iron oxides, silica, and particle size, are by. The by-products of slag have been found in ancient Egypt surfaces of slag from ancient copper.. Limestone total density is in the presence of fluxes and oxygen of and! Strength assessment of steel slag are given in Table 3 slag reacts with a calcium byproduct created during separation... 2013 ) causes several chemical reactions to take place within the slag is the collection of compounds that removed! By-Products of slag from ancient copper foundries the same time the abrasion resistance to.