Read more about them. As it was, there was a period during the winter of 1942-43 when the… Everyday low prices and free delivery on eligible orders. One of these was attacked by a destroyer but again without success. 22 merchant ships were sunk (13 from HX 229 and 9 from SC 122), a loss of 146,000 tons. Departed New York City on March 9-1943 and arrived Liverpool on the 26th. Two boats from Stürmer were able to penetrate the defences about midday on 17 March but the escorts were able to fend off any further attacks, assisted by brief visits from Very Long Range (VLR) aircraft flying at extreme range. Ships hit from convoy HX-229 77 convoys on route HX were hit by U-boats in the war. The source code for the WIKI 2 extension is being checked by specialists of the Mozilla Foundation, Google, and Apple. Had the convoy link between North America and Britain been broken, the course of World War II would have been different. All attacks on both convoys were repelled this night, and six firm contacts were attacked but little damage was inflicted. The first few days of the convoy were uneventful; HX 229 met its Mid-Ocean Escort Force on the 14th and the local escort departed. The Allied Cipher Number 3 used by the convoy escorts had been broken by the Germans. The HX convoys were a series of North Atlantic convoys which ran during the Battle of the Atlantic in the Second World War. This was the largest convoy battle of the Atlantic campaign. HX 229 was also eastbound and sailed from New York on 8 March, with 40 ships and the local escort. HX 229A sailed on 9 March, meeting its ocean escort, 40 Escort Group, on 15 March. Coordinates: .mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}50°38′00″N 34°46′00″W / 50.6333°N 34.7667°W / 50.6333; -34.7667, Convoy during naval battles of the Second World War, "Volume III German Naval Communications Intelligence, Chapter 4, Section 2", "Volume III German Naval Communications Intelligence, Chapter 4, Section 4", "LLOYD'S REGISTER, NAVIRES A VAPEUR ET A MOTEURS", http://uboat.net/ops/convoys/convoys.php?convoy=HX-229, http://uboat.net/ops/convoys/convoys.php?convoy=SC-122, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Convoys_HX_229/SC_122&oldid=991423089, Naval battles of World War II involving Canada, Naval battles of World War II involving the United Kingdom, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, d/c by aircraft x4; forced to break off and return to base, d/c Liberator /86 Sqdn (17th); dc, damage by, This page was last edited on 30 November 2020, at 00:10. At this time, convoys SC.122 (slow) and HX.229 (fast) set out from New York, with a third HX.229A split off due to the sheer number of freighters and tankers: 141 ships carrying 920,000 tons of vital cargo (fuel, meat and other food, timber, minerals, steel, gunpowder, lorries, locomotives, invasion barges, aircraft, tanks...) and 1,000 passengers. The ocean escort was B4 Escort Group from St John's, of four destroyers and a corvette. Also on 19 March U-384 was attacked by air patrol to the north of SC 122 and sunk. In the first twenty days of March, 1943, the Germans sank ninety-seven Allied merchant ships twice the rate of replacement. March 1943 marked the low point of Allied fortunes in the Atlantic campaign. Buy Convoy: The Battle For Convoys Sc.122 And Hx.229 First Edition by Martin Middlebrook (ISBN: 9780713909272) from Amazon's Book Store. It can also be used in non-military sense, for example when driving through remote areas. A further 34 ships which should have been included were delayed due to congestion at New York; they sailed the following day as HX 229A. The battle around convoys HX 229 and SC 122 occurred during March 1943 in the Battle of the Atlantic, and was the largest convoy battle of World War II. These were dispatched on the morning of 18 March, and arrived the following day. ISBN (Canada) 1 55125 033 0 .ISBN(UK) 1 86176 147 3; Axel Neistle : German U-Boat Losses during World War II (1998). Dönitz immediately ordered Raubgraf to pursue and intercept, while Stürmer and Dränger were ordered west to form a line ahead of the convoy. With just five warships to protect 40 ships, the escort group has limited capability. During the Battle of the Atlantic, British merchant shipping was formed into convoys for protection against German submarine attack. The first convoy, HX-1, was a 15-ship group that departed Halifax on 16 Sep 39 (Canada’s Declaration of War occurred in parliament on 09 Sep and was given Royal Ascent by the Governor General a day later). More than 300 merchant seaman died. On the morning of 16 March U-653, which had detached from Raubgraf to return to base with mechanical problems, sighted HX 229 heading east and sent a sighting report. Also en route from Hvalfjord, in Iceland, were the destroyers HMS Vimy and USS Babbitt, for HX 229, and the US Coast Guard cutter USCGC Ingham for SC 122. The Allied Ultra intelligence, which decrypted German messages enciphered using the Enigma machine and which had helped the Admiralty to divert convoys away from wolf packs, had been "blinded" on 10 March 1943 as the result of the Germans bringing in a new short weather report. Background. [2] Kriegsmarine tactics against convoys employed multiple-submarine wolfpack tactics in nearly simultaneous surface attacks at night. Raubgraf caught up with HX 229 on the evening of 16 March and mounted an attack that night. The first few days of the convoy were uneventful; HX 229 met its Mid-Ocean Escort Force on 14 March and the local escort departed. Uboats Deployed in Gruppe Raubgraf: (9) Type VIIC, (8 Players) U-89, U-91,U-435,U-600,U-603 U-615,U-653,U … (This was during the period when SC convoys were switched from Sydney, Cape Breton, to New York; this was reversed later due to congestion problems there.) British merchant shipping was formed into convoys for protection against German submarine attack. On 6 March, off Cape Cod, two ships put back to New York due to heavy weather, and on 8 March, another six abandoned the crossing, and put into Halifax. This resulted in the British code breakers being starved of the cribs necessary to break "Shark", the cipher used by the German U-Boats. J Dalison in HMS Aberdeen. British merchant shipping was formed into convoys for protection against German submarine attack. HX 229 was also joined by the corvette HMS Abelia, detached from another convoy. The winter of 1942–43 saw the largest number of submarines deployed to the mid-Atlantic before comprehensive anti-submarine aircraft patrols could be extended into that area. Raubgraf - Convoy HX 229. Two U-boats were destroyed while sinking four merchant ships and the escort commander's destroyer. These two convoys were the … [7] Also during March nine U-boats were destroyed in the Atlantic, and more were damaged, leading to a hiatus in U-boat operations during April. Had the convoy link between North America and Britain been broken, the course of World War II would have been different. The battle was undoubtedly a success for the Germans. 77 convoys on route HX were hit by U-boats in the war. This record (browse from here by hierarchy or by reference) Catalogue description Convoy number HX 229(A) from Halifax (later New York) to UK. HX 229, a fast convoy totalling 38 ships, departed three days later. A Royal Navy report later concluded "It appeared possible that we should not be able to regard convoy as an effective system of defence".[5]. A westerly gale gave speed to SC 122, which passed through Raubgrafs patrol area on the morning of 15 March just 24 hours before the patrol line was formed. [4] A Royal Navy report later concluded "The Germans never came so near to disrupting communications between the New World and the Old as in the first 20 days of March 1943".[5]. The Critical Convoy Battles of March 1943Rohwer, Jürgen, Geleitzugschlachten im März 1943Rohwer, Jürgen. You can order records in advance to be ready for you when you visit Kew. This allowed them to position wolf packs in the way of HX 229, which was following a similar course. 13 ships sunk (93,502 tons) and 3 ships damaged (20,687 tons). Second World War. The western local group left, after the Mid-Ocean Escort Force B5 Escort Group joined from St John's. At the north-eastern end of Stürmer's rake, German submarine U-338 had sighted SC 122 heading east, about 120 miles from HX 229's position. HMCS St. Laurent (H89), LCdr. In the first twenty days of March, 1943, the Germans sank ninety-seven Allied merchant ships – twice the rate of replacement. Attacked in March 1943, this action, which converged with the action around SC 122, was the largest convoy battle of the Atlantic campaign. HX 229 was also eastbound and sailed from New York on 8 March, with 40 ships and the local escort. Patrolling aircraft restricted the ability of submarines to converge on convoys during daylight. The North Atlantic winters offered the longest periods of darkness to conceal surfaced submarine operations. The convoys continued east. Title: Robber Baron (Convoy HX-229) Historical: Yes (Search Convoy HX-229) Date: March, 18 1943, 19:00 Wolfpack (Gruppe): Raubgraf Location: North Atlantic. When the offensive renewed in May, it saw a major defeat for the U-boat Arm, and the turning point of the campaign. This unpleasant-looking character is called the Squander Bug, and it was created during the Second World War by artist Phillip Boydell, an employee of the National Savings Committee. HX 229 gradually advances on another convoy, a slow convoy, SC 112, which left from New York. Related content. Had the convoy link between North America and Britain been broken, the course of World War II would have been different. * U-boats that fired torpedo or used the deck gun. As an Amazon Associate uboat.net earns a commission from qualifying purchases. Convoys HX 229/SC 122 order of battle This is the order of battle during the battle around convoys HX 229 and SC 122 from 16 to 20 March 1943. After sending a sighting report she attacked, sinking four ships in quick succession. Read more about them. As it was, there was a period during the winter of 1942-43 when the Germans came close to cutting the North Atlantic lifeline. Taking a more northerly route than HX 229, the convoy remained undetected by German patrol lines and made a safe and timely landfall on 26 March. The first few days of the convoy were uneventful; HX 229 met its Mid-Ocean Escort Force on 14 March and the local escort departed. Legend We have a picture of this vessel.(d.) A fifth, Fort Cedar Lake, was damaged, to be sunk later in the day. Had the convoy link between North America and Britain been broken, the course of World War II would have been different. During the night of 17/18 March the attack on both convoys, now just 70 miles apart, continued. In the first twenty days of March, 1943, the Germans sank ninety-seven Allied merchant ships twice the rate of replacement. Would you like Wikipedia to always look as professional and up-to-date? B5 Escort Group consisted of eight warships, led by Commander RC Boyle in the destroyer HMS Havelock, the destroyer USS Upshur, the River-class frigate HMS Swale, the Flower-class corvettes Buttercup, Godetia, Lavender, Pimpernel and Saxifrage, and a trawler as rescue vessel. Just better. During the night of 18/19 March the two convoys were running in tandem, though sailing independently. They absorbed the BHX convoys from Bermuda en route. On the afternoon of 18 March, U-221 succeeded in sinking two ships of HX 229 but further losses were avoided. However, they had failed to interrupt the North Atlantic convoy route to any extent; 68 ships (two-thirds of those involved) made a safe and timely arrival, and the 38 ships of HX 229A, which had been detached at New York to cross separately, arrived unscathed. HMS Highlander joined that afternoon, a welcome addition as B4 was by this time reduced to five ships. On 19 March the escorts were reinforced by the arrival of Vimy and Babitt, for HX 229, and Ingham for SC 122. As it was, there was a period during the winter of 1942-43 when the Germans came close to cutting the North Atlantic lifeline. The other ships of B4 were the destroyers HMS Beverley, Mansfield and Witherington and the corvette Anemone, although Witherington had to detach on 15 March, to be replaced by the corvette Pennywort for the crossing. Further changes to the escort occurred on 20 March as reinforcement arrived in the form of the corvette HMCS Sherbrooke, while Upshur and Ingham were detached. HX 229 at … (Described at item level). Arriving at the site of a major emergency with a well-ordered group and the intact structure can be another motivation. X-ray (11,682 words) case mismatch in snippet view article find links to article An X-ray, or X-radiation, is a penetrating form of high-energy electromagnetic radiation. Kriegsmarine tactics against convoys employed multiple-submarine wolfpack tactics in nearly simultaneous surface attacks at night. The local escort groups met on 23 March, and HX 229, with 27 ships surviving, arrived at Liverpool on 23 March. Slower vessels were routed in the SC series … The Convoy: 60 ships: First sighting: On 10 Mar 1943 by U-336: Escorts: The British escort group A3 consisting of the British destroyers Harvester (Cdr Tait) and Escapade, the Polish destroyers Garland and Burza, the British corvettes Narcissus and Orchis and the Free French corvettes Aconit, Renoncule and Roselys. Martin Middlebrook's Convoy is a classic in the Battle of Atlantic. None of the eight westbound convoys in March were attacked. HX Convoys From September 1939 until September 1942, the HX series carried traffic from Halifax, Nova Scotia, to Liverpool. Most X-rays have a wavelength ranging from 10 picometers to 10 . Both convoys picked up their transatlantic escort from St. John’s off Cape Race on March 13 and 14th, respectively, and headed for Liverpool. HX 229's escort suffered a blow as HMS Mansfield was forced to detach during the night of 17/18 March. Arthur Mitchell ‘Boomer’ Hope, RCN, CO, and HMCS Saguenay (D79), LCdr. ‎"Winston Churchill wrote, The only thing that ever really frightened me during the war was the U-boat peril. During the same … Convoy escorted by B-4 Group CDR ECL Day RN. There were no further losses to the convoys that day; faced with stiffening resistance and sensing nothing further would be achieved without disproportionate losses, Dönitz called off the assault. HX 228 Was one of several convoys attacked sequentially in March 1943. The German B-Dienst signals intelligence group, had given notice of an east-bound convoy and by 8pm on 13 March had a location for SC 122. The convoy pressed on, changing escorts on 13 March off Cape Race. They were east-bound convoys and originated in Halifax, Nova Scotia from where they sailed to ports in the United Kingdom. It sailed on 5 March 1943, protected at first by one destroyer and five corvettes of the Western Local Escort Force. The first few days of the convoy were uneventful; HX 229 met its Mid-Ocean Escort Force on 14 March and the local escort departed. This comprised six sloop-type warships under Cdr. Often, a convoy is organized with armed protection. HX 229 was also eastbound, and sailed from New York on 8 March, with 40 ships and the local escort. HX 72 was an east-bound convoy of 43 ships which sailed from Halifax on 9 September 1940 bound for Liverpool and carrying war materials.. convoy hx 229 1943. convoy sc 122 1943. As it was, there was a period during the winter of 1942-43 when the Germans came close to cutting the North Atlantic lifeline. Convoys HX 229/SC 122. Approximate convoy routes are shown in a red line. U-338 sank the freighter Granville, of SC 122 in the evening, surviving a fierce counter-attack by escorts, and after midnight U-305 sank two more ships (Port Auckland and Zouave). The convoy, made up of contingents from Halifax, Sydney and Bermuda was led by Commodore HH Rogers RNR in Tregarthen. The escorts chased 3 contacts during the night but with no result. In total, 38 U-boats had taken part (though throughout the battle not all had been in contact). Convoy the battle for Convoy SC.122 and HX.229. Ordering and viewing options This record has not been digitised and cannot be downloaded. The month saw four home-bound convoys attacked, and a total of 39 ships sunk; yet of those four convoys over 200 arrived safely, while four other eastbound convoys were unharmed. HX 229 was also eastbound and sailed from New York on 8 March, with 40 ships and the local escort. SC 122, with 42 remaining ships, arrived later the same day. In the first twenty days of March, 1943, the Germans sank ninety-seven Allied merchant ships – twice the rate of replacement. The battle around convoys HX 229 and SC 122 occurred during March 1943 in the Battle of the Atlantic, and was the largest convoy battle of World War II. SC 122 was also able to resist further attacks until evening. A further 34 ships which should have been included were delayed due to congestion at New York; they sailed the following day as HX 229A. During the rest of the day, boats from Stürmer began to arrive. The ocean escort was B4 Escort Group from St John's, of four destroyers and a corvette. Convoy: The Battle for Convoys SC.122 and HX.229 by Middlebrook, Martin at AbeBooks.co.uk - ISBN 10: 0140046135 - ISBN 13: 9780140046137 - Penguin - 1978 - Softcover As it was, there was a period during the winter of 1942-43 when the Germans came close to cutting the North Atlantic lifeline. Convoys HX 229/SC 122: Convoy HX 231: Convoy HX 237: Convoy HX 300: Convoy OB 293: Convoy OG 69: Convoy OG 71: Convoy OG 82: ON convoys: Convoy ON 67: Convoy ON 92: Convoy ON 113: Convoy ON 115: Convoy ON 122: Convoy ON 127: Convoy ON 144: Convoy ON 153: Convoy ON 154: Convoy ON 166: Convoy ON 207: Convoy ONS 5 : Convoys ONS 18/ON 202: Convoys ONS 20/ON 206: River-class frigate: Convoy … Admiral Karl Dönitz, commanding the U-Boat fleet, directed Raubgraf to intercept, forming a new rake to the west. The escort was reported to be weak, as 2 ships had dropped out to pick up survivors. Meet The Squander Bug. HX 229 Convoy HX 229 departed New York on 8 March 1943 and arrived at Liverpool on 23. That's it. It was led on this occasion by Commander GJ Luther of HMS Volunteer, as its regular leader was in dock for repairs. To install click the Add extension button. Two more ships from HX 229 were lost during the day. HX 212 suffered the heaviest loss of any HX convoy in 1942. Convoys HX 229/SC 122 order of battle From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia This is the … A further 34 ships which should have been included were delayed due to congestion at New York; they sailed the following day as HX 229A. The Raubgraf operation in mid-March of HX 229 and SC 122, "the greatest success yet achieved against a convoy," was probably assisted in large part by a compromised diversion dispatch, sent in the world-wide table of combined cipher. HX 229 was also eastbound, and sailed from New York on 8 March, with 40 ships and the local escort. The U-Boat tracking room at the Admiralty Operational Intelligence Centre was therefore unable to divert convoys around the U-Boat packs. One U-boat had been lost with all hands, though a number had been damaged. Arnold Hague : The Allied Convoy System 1939-1945 (2000). Together, they contain nearly 100 merchant ships. CONVOY HX 229 Departed New York City on March 8-1943 and arrived Liverpool on the 23rd. Lieutenant Commander Gordon John Luther leads the escort group protecting HX 229 as it crosses 2,500 miles of ocean. You could also do it yourself at any point in time. … A convoy is a group of vehicles, typically vehicles or ships, traveling together for mutual support and protection. During March, there was a series of fierce convoy battles which became, for the Allies, the crisis point of the whole campaign. Three ships were sunk and another five on the morning of 17 March, a total of eight in just 8 hours. He combines a statistical, chronological history with excellent mixture of oral histories of the participants of the event. Had the convoy link between North America and Britain been broken, the course of World War II would have been different. Quite the same Wikipedia. The double battle had involved 90 merchant ships and 16 escort ships (though not all were present at the same time). You may have to zoom out to see all data.Left click to zoom-in and right-click to zoom out. Arrayed against them were three patrol lines (rakes) of U-boats:[6]. Help was on its way in the form of the destroyer HMS Highlander, under Commander ECL Day. [1] In March 1943 convoys HX 229 and SC 122 were the focus of the largest convoy battle of the war. It was led on this occasion by Commander GJ L… It was led on this occasion by Commander GJ L… How to transfigure the Wikipedia . The battle around convoys HX 229 and SC 122 occurred during March 1943 in the Battle of the Atlantic, and was the largest convoy battle of World War II.British merchant shipping was formed into convoys for protection against German submarine attack. Arriving on 18 March, Day, as a senior and more experienced officer, took command of B4 Group for the rest of the engagement. He saw in this an opportunity to attack an east-bound convoy, full of war materials bound for Europe, with the full width of the Air Gap to cross. The two convoys he chronicles are SC-122 and HX-229. Additional notes by Arnold Hague and co-workers for convoy HX.229A: WLE(S) 24.18.4 SOE USS COWIE, WLE(N) 24.18.1 SOE ST CLAIR, OCEAN 40EG SOE ABERDEEN, ICELAND ESCORT USS BIBB: NOTE REINFORCED WLE(S), NORANDA REMAINED WITH WLE(N) FROM WLE(S) & ESCORTED LADY RODNEY FROM 14.3 TO ST JOHN'S NF: ABERDEEN SUFFERED ICE DAMAGE 19.3.43 : COMMODORE: Capt D A … A further 34 ships which should have been included were delayed due to congestion at New York; they sailed the following day as HX 229A. ISBN 1 85367 352 8; Paul Kemp : U-Boats Destroyed ( 1997) ISBN 1 85409 515 3; External links. The cartoon bug appeared in press adverts and poster campaigns as … This is the order of battle during the battle around convoys HX 229 and SC 122 from 16 to 20 March 1943.Allied forcesConvoy HX 229* Abraham Lincoln (flag), Antar * Belgian Gulf * Canadian Star, Cape Breton, City of Agra, Clan Matheson,… One ship from HX 229 was lost, a romper which broke away to proceed independently; this ship, Matthew Luckenbach, ran into the melée around SC 122 and was torpedoed, to be sunk later on 19 March. ADM 199/2189 - Convoy Lists. It passed through Raubgraf's rake in the night of 15/16 March without being sighted because of bad weather. A further 34 ships which should have been included were delayed due to congestion at New York; they sailed the following day as HX 229A. Luther had recently joined the group and this was only his second crossing. Contact: Large Convoy Sighted Merchants (37), Escorts (8) Estimated Course: ENE Estimated Speed: 8 knots WX: winds 9kt, overcast. Convoy HX 229. [3] One hundred merchant ships in trade convoys HX 229 and SC 122 encountered three wolfpacks of 38 submarines in a single sprawling action, which German radio reported as "the greatest convoy battle of all time" (Die grösste Geleitzugschlacht aller Zeiten). The first couple of days were uneventful but on the morning of March 16th, U-653 sighted HX 229, and sent a sighting report to U-boat Command. The ocean escort was B4 Escort Group from St John's, of four destroyers and a corvette. Subsequent to September 1942, and until the end of the war, this series departed from New York. SC 122 was a slow eastbound convoy of 60 ships, routed from New York to Liverpool. Convoy HX 229. HX 229. Kriegsmarine tactics against convoys employed multiple-submarine wolfpack tactics in nearly simultaneous surface attacks at night. A straggler from SC 122, Clarissa Radcliffe, was also sunk with all hands by U-663. A message from a U-Boat gave away its position once that position had been fixed by DF and the convoy SC 122 was diverted around the estimated danger area. means the ship was damaged. HX-228 Homeward from Halifax (North Atlantic) 10 Mar 1943 - 12 Mar 1943. Arnold Hague's …